The maximum Antarctic sea ice extent in 2023, shown here, was the lowest on record. The yellow line shows the average winter maximum of satellite observations from 1981 to 2010. New research shows that wind patterns can explain the record low in 2023 and near-record low in 2024, and that they enable accurate forecasts of sea ice extent six to nine months in advance. CREDIT: NOAA. Public Domain.
Record-low Antarctic sea ice levels can be explained and forecast months out by patterns in winds, according to new research.
Amid all the changes in Earth’s climate, sea ice in the stormy Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica was, for a long time, an odd exception.
The maximum winter sea ice cover remained steady or even increased slightly from the late 1970s through 2015, despite rising global temperatures.
That began to change in 2016. Several years of decline led to an all-time record low in 2023, more than five standard deviations below the average from the satellite record.
The area of sea ice was 2.2 million km2 below the average from the satellite record. The most recent winter’s peak, recorded in September 2024, was very close to the previous year’s record low.
Patterns in the winds
University of Washington researchers show that the all-time record low can be explained by warm Southern Ocean conditions and patterns in the winds that circled Antarctica months earlier, allowing forecasts for sea ice coverage around the South Pole to be generated six or more months in advance.
This could support regional and global weather and climate models.
Lead author Zac Espinosa, a UW doctoral student in atmospheric and climate science, said: “Since 2015, total Antarctic sea ice area has dramatically declined.
“State-of-the-art forecasting methods for sea ice generally struggle to produce reliable forecasts at such long leads.
“We show that winter Antarctic sea ice has significant predictability at six- to nine-month lead times.”
Suppressing sea ice growth
The authors used a global climate model to simulate how ocean and air temperatures, including longer-term cycles like El Niño and La Niña, affect sea ice in the Southern Ocean.
Results showed that the 2023 El Niño was less important than previously thought. Instead, an arching pattern of regional winds, and their effects on ocean temperatures up to six months in advance, could explain 70% of the 2023 record-low winter sea ice.
These winds cause ocean mixing in the Southern Ocean that can pull deeper warm water up to the surface, thus suppressing sea ice growth.
Winds can also push sea ice poleward toward Antarctica to prevent the sea ice edge from expanding north, transport heat from lower latitudes toward the poles, and generate ocean waves that break up sea ice.
Using the same approach for the 2024 observations correctly predicted that this would be another low year for Southern Ocean sea ice cover.
Remarkably predictable
Co-author Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, a UW research associate professor of atmospheric and climate science, said: “It’s interesting that, despite how unusual the winter sea ice conditions were in 2023 and again in 2024, our results show they were remarkably predictable over six months in advance.”
Antarctic sea ice is important because it affects marine and coastal ecosystems and interactions between ocean and atmosphere in the Southern Ocean.
It also affects global climate by reflecting sunlight in the Southern Hemisphere and influencing ice sheets and global currents.
Espinosa said: “Antarctic sea ice is a major control on the rate of global warming and the stability of ice on the Antarctic continent.
“In fact, the sea ice acts to buttress ice shelves, increasing their stability and slowing the rate of global sea level rise. This ice is also important for marine and coastal ecosystems.”
Sparse
As summer arrives in the Southern Hemisphere, the current sea ice extent remains sparse around Antarctica, close to a record low for this time of the year.
Co-author Cecilia Bitz, a UW professor of atmospheric and climate science, said: “Our success at predicting these major sea ice loss events so far in advance demonstrates our understanding of the mechanism that caused them.
“Our model and methods are geared up to predict future sea ice loss events.”
The research is published in Nature Communications Earth & Environment.
