Swedish L saxatilis marine snails. Credit: Daria Shipilina.
Scientists predict – and witness – evolution in a 30-year marine snail experiment off the coast of Sweden.
It is 1988. The Koster archipelago, a group of islands off the Swedish west coast near the border with Norway, is hit by a particularly dense bloom of toxic algae, wiping out marine snail populations.
But why would anyone care about the fate of a bunch of snails on a 3m2 rock in the open sea? As it turns out, this event would open up the opportunity to predict and see evolution unfolding before our eyes.
Before, the islands and their small intertidal skerries – rocky islets – were home to dense and diverse populations of marine snails of the species Littorina saxatilis.
While the snail populations of the larger islands – some of which were reduced to less than 1% –were restored within two to four years, several skerries could not seem to recover from this harsh blow.
Marine ecologist Kerstin Johannesson from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, saw a unique opportunity.
In 1992, she re-introduced L saxatilis snails to their lost skerry habitat – starting an experiment that would have far-reaching implications more than 30 years later.
It allowed an international collaboration led by researchers from the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Nord University, Norway, the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, and the University of Sheffield, UK, to predict and witness evolution in the making.
Two ecotypes of Littorina saxatilis marine snails, adapted to different environments. The Crab ecotype (left) is larger and wary of predators. The Wave ecotype (right) is smaller and has bold behaviour. Credit: David Carmelet.
Common species
L saxatilis is a common species of marine snails found throughout the North Atlantic shores, where different populations evolved traits adapted to their environments. These traits include size, shell shape, shell colour, and behaviour.
The differences among these traits are particularly striking between the so-called Crab- and Wave-ecotype. These snails have evolved repeatedly in different locations, either in environments exposed to crab predation or on wave-exposed rocks away from crabs.
Wave snails are typically small, and have a thin shell with specific colours and patterns, a large and rounded aperture, and bold behaviour.
Crab snails, on the other hand, are strikingly larger, have thicker shells without patterns, and a smaller and more elongated aperture. Crab snails also behave more warily in their predator-dominated environment.
The Swedish Koster archipelago is home to these two different L saxatilis snail types, often neighbouring one another on the same island or only separated by a few hundred meters across the sea.
Before the toxic algal bloom of 1988, Wave snails inhabited the skerries, while nearby shores were home to both Crab and Wave snails. This close spatial proximity would prove crucial.
The experimental skerry in the Koster archipelago off the Swedish west coast. Crab-ecotype L saxatilis snails were brought here in 1992 after toxic algae wiped out the original Wave-ecotype population. Credit: Kerstin Johannesson.
Wiped out
Seeing that the Wave snail population of the skerries was entirely wiped out due to the toxic algae, Johannesson decided in 1992 to reintroduce snails to one of these skerries, but of the Crab-ecotype.
With one to two generations each year, she rightfully expected the Crab snails to adapt to their new environment before scientists’ eyes.
Diego Garcia Castillo, a graduate student in the Barton Group at ISTA and one of the authors leading the study, said: “Our colleagues saw evidence of the snails’ adaptation already within the first decade of the experiment.
“Over the experiment’s 30 years, we were able to predict robustly what the snails will look like and which genetic regions will be implicated. The transformation was both rapid and dramatic.”
However, the snails did not evolve these traits entirely from scratch.
Co-corresponding author Anja Marie Westram, a former postdoc at ISTA and currently a researcher at Nord University, explained: “Some of the genetic diversity was already available in the starting Crab population but at low prevalence.
“This is because the species had experienced similar conditions in the recent past. The snails’ access to a large gene pool drove this rapid evolution.”
The team examined three aspects over the years of the experiment: the snails’ phenotype, individual gene variabilities, and larger genetic changes affecting entire regions of the chromosomes called ‘chromosomal inversions’.
In the first few generations, the researchers witnessed an interesting phenomenon called ‘phenotypic plasticity’: very soon after their transplantation, the snails modified their shape to adjust to their new environment. But the population also quickly started to change genetically.
The researchers could predict the extent and direction of the genetic changes, especially for the chromosomal inversions.
They showed that the snails’ rapid and dramatic transformation was possibly due to two complementary processes: a fast selection of traits already present at a low frequency in the transplanted Crab snail population, and gene flow from neighbouring Wave snails that could have simply rafted over 160m to reach the skerry.
Snail evolution in the making. Crab-ecotype snails (1992) evolved to strikingly resemble the lost Wave-ecotype snails on a skerry. Credit: ISTA, images by Kerstin Johannesson.
Repeated evolution
In theory, scientists know that a species with high enough genetic variation can adapt more rapidly to change. However, few studies aimed to experiment with evolution over time in the wild.
Garcia Castillo said: “This work allows us to have a closer look at repeated evolution and predict how a population could develop traits that have evolved separately in the past under similar conditions.”
The team now wants to learn how species can adapt to modern environmental challenges such as pollution and climate change.
Westram said: “Not all species have access to large gene pools and evolving new traits from scratch is tediously slow.
“Adaptation is very complex and our planet is also facing complex changes with episodes of weather extremes, rapidly advancing climate change, pollution, and new parasites.”
Westram hopes this work will drive further research on maintaining species with large and diverse genetic makeups: “Perhaps this research helps convince people to protect a range of natural habitats so that species do not lose their genetic variation?”
Now, the snails Johannesson brought to the skerry in 1992 have reached a thriving population of around 1,000 individuals.
The study is published in Science Advances.
