Smog over Almaty city, Kazakhstan. Credit: Igors Jefimovs, CC BY 3.0. <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.

Pusan National University researchers have investigated how air pollution triggers immune imbalance and lung damage.

Chronic exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 activates oxidative stress and NRF2, driving allergy-like lung inflammation.

Air pollution is a global health concern, with over 90% of the world’s population breathing air that exceeds World Health Organization safety standards.

Fine and coarse particulate matter are especially dangerous, as they can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.

While the link between air pollution and respiratory diseases is well established, how these pollutants disrupt immune responses in the lungs has remained unclear.

In a recent study, a team of researchers led by Professor Changwan Hong from Pusan National University School of Medicine, South Korea, investigated how long-term exposure to particulate matter triggers immune imbalance in the lungs.

Hong said: “Our study reveals how chronic exposure to particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) triggers harmful allergic-like (T_H2) immune responses in the lungs by activating oxidative stress and the NRF2 pathway.”

Analysis

Using a mouse model, the researchers exposed mice to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 daily for 16 weeks. They then analysed lung tissue, plasma, and immune cell profiles to evaluate how particulate matter affected lung health and immune function.

Mice exposed to PM showed significant signs of lung inflammation, including alveolar wall thickening, immune cell infiltration, and tissue scarring.

These effects were more severe in the group exposed to PM2.5, which is known to reach deeper areas of the lungs.

The researchers also observed a marked shift in immune response: T_H1-type immune activity, associated with protective responses, was suppressed, while T_H2-associated signals increased.

This included elevated levels of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and higher levels of IgE and IgG1, antibodies linked to asthma and allergic inflammation.

These findings suggest that long-term exposure to PM skews immune balance toward an allergic-type response.

This immune shift was closely linked to activation of the NRF2 pathway, a key regulator of oxidative stress.

NRF2 typically protects against environmental damage, but under chronic activation, it appeared to worsen inflammation.

Hong said: “This mechanistic link explains why air pollution can worsen asthma and other allergic diseases, identifying NRF2 as a key driver of this shift.”

The study offers insight into how chronic air pollution affects respiratory health at a molecular level. By linking NRF2 activation to immune reprogramming, the findings highlight new potential therapeutic targets, such as antioxidants or drugs that regulate NRF2 activity.

Hong added: “Our findings suggest that targeting oxidative stress or modulating NRF2 activity could be a new strategy to treat or prevent pollution-induced allergic inflammation, such as asthma.”

Overall, the research provides a clearer understanding of how pollution impacts the immune system and supports the need for stronger air quality regulations to protect vulnerable populations.

The study is published in Redox Biology.