Excavations in 2022 in the Basque cave of Isturitz, France, where several dozen whale bone objects were discovered. Excavation director: Christian Normand. Picture credit: Jean-Marc Pétillon.
Humans were making tools from whale bones as far back as 20,000 years ago, according to a new international study.
The study was conducted by scientists from the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB), the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), and the University of British Columbia.
This discovery broadens our understanding of early human use of whale remains and offers valuable insight into the marine ecology of the time.
Large projectile point made of grey whale bone from the Duruthy rockshelter, Landes, France, dated between 18,000 and 17,500 years ago. Credit: Picture: Alexandre Lefebvre.
Key role
Whales, the largest animals on Earth, were an important source of food and materials such as oil and bone. For this reason, they are believed to have played a key role in the survival of many coastal human groups.
However, tracing the origins of human-whale interactions is challenging, as coastal archaeological sites are especially fragile and vulnerable to rising sea levels, making it difficult to preserve evidence of early human-marine mammal relationships.
The research, led by senior author Jean-Marc Pétillon (CNRS) along with ICTA-UAB scientist and lead author, Krista McGrath, analysed 83 bone tools excavated from sites around the Bay of Biscay in Spain, along with 90 additional bones from Santa Catalina Cave, also located in the province of Biscay.
The authors used mass spectrometry and radiocarbon dating to identify the species and age of the samples.
Pétillon said: “Our study reveals that the bones came from at least five species of large whales, the oldest of which date to approximately 19,000–20,000 years ago.
“These represent some of the earliest known evidence of humans using whale remains as tools.”
Fragment of a fin whale vertebra from the Basque site of Santa Catalina, Spain, around 15,500 to 15,000 years ago. Excavation director: Eduardo Berganza. Picture credit: Jean-Marc Pétillon.
Past ecosystems
McGrath said: “ZooMS is a powerful technique for investigating past sea mammal diversity, particularly when diagnostic morphometric elements are missing from bone remains and objects, which is often the case for bone artefacts.
“We managed to identify species such as sperm whales, fin whales, blue whales, all still present in the Bay of Biscay today, as well as grey whales, a species now mostly restricted to the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans.”
In addition, chemical data extracted from the bones suggest that the feeding habits of these ancient whales differed slightly from those of their modern counterparts, pointing to potential changes in behaviour or the marine environment.
Overall, this discovery not only enhances our understanding of early human use of whale remains but also sheds light on the role whales played in past ecosystems.
The study is published in Nature Communications.
