Daguerreotype of James Fitzjames, taken by Richard Beard in May 1845. Photo courtesy of Sotheby’s. Photo courtesy of Sotheby’s.

The remains of another crew member of the ill-fated 1845 Franklin expedition, which sought to map the fabled Northwest passage, has been identified.

DNA matches to a living descendant and genealogical analyses have allowed researchers from the University of Waterloo and Lakehead University to confirm they have identified the skeletal remains of James Fitzjames, a senior officer of Sir John Franklin’s 1845 Northwest Passage expedition.

In April of 1848 Fitzjames of HMS Erebus helped lead 105 survivors from their ice-trapped ships in an attempt to escape the Arctic. None would survive. Since the mid-19th century, remains of dozens of them have been found around King William Island, Nunavut.  

The identification was made possible by a DNA sample from a living descendant, which matched the DNA that was discovered at the archaeological site on King William Island where 451 bones from at least 13 Franklin sailors were found.

Stephen Fratpietro, of Lakehead’s Paleo-DNA lab, said: “We worked with a good quality sample that allowed us to generate a Y-chromosome profile, and we were lucky enough to obtain a match.”

Fitzjames is just the second of those 105 to be positively identified, joining John Gregory, engineer aboard HMS Erebus, whom the team identified in 2021.  

Dr Douglas Stenton, adjunct professor of anthropology at Waterloo, added: “The identification of Fitzjames’ remains provides new insights about the expedition’s sad ending.”

3D scan of mandible NgLj-2:226 showing locations and vinyl polysiloxane impressions of cut marks consistent with cannibalism (impressions made by A. Keenleyside in 1993). Credit: Impressions made by A. Keenleyside in 1993.

Cannibalism

In the 1850s Inuit told searchers they had seen evidence that survivors had resorted to cannibalism, shocking some Europeans.

Those accounts were fully corroborated in 1997 by the late Dr Anne Keenleyside who found cut marks on nearly one-quarter of the human bones at NgLj-2, proving that the bodies of at least four of the men who died there had been subject to cannibalism.

Fitzjames’ mandible is one of the bones exhibiting multiple cut marks, demonstrating that after his death his body was subject to cannibalism.

Stenton said: “This shows that he predeceased at least some of the other sailors who perished, and that neither rank nor status was the governing principle in the final desperate days of the expedition as they strove to save themselves.”

Nineteenth Century Europeans believed that all cannibalism was morally reprehensible, but the researchers emphasise that we now understand much more about what is known as survival or starvation cannibalism and can empathise with those forced to resort to it.

Dr Robert Park, Waterloo anthropology professor, said: “It demonstrates the level of desperation that the Franklin sailors must have felt to do something they would have considered abhorrent.

“Ever since the expedition disappeared into the Arctic 179 years ago there has been widespread interest in its ultimate fate, generating many speculative books and articles and, most recently, a popular television miniseries which turned it into a horror story with cannibalism as one of its themes.

“Meticulous archaeological research like this shows that the true story is just as interesting, and that there is still more to learn.”

Douglas Stenton at commemorative cairn at NgLj-2 where the remains of James Fitzjames and twelve other Franklin expedition sailors rest. Credit: R Park.

Memorial

The remains of Fitzjames and the other sailors who perished with him now rest in a memorial cairn at the site with a commemorative plaque. 

Descendants of members of the Franklin expedition are encouraged to contact Stenton: “We are extremely grateful to this family for sharing their history with us and for providing DNA samples, and welcome opportunities to work with other descendants of members of the Franklin expedition to see if their DNA can be used to identify other individuals.” 

The research is published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.