LIGO detector in Hanford, Washington. The second detector is located in Livingston, Louisiana. Credit: LIGO.

New research from LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA suggests Gravitational waves from massive black holes challenge current astrophysical models.

The LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) Collaboration has detected the merger of the most massive black holes ever observed with gravitational waves, using the US National Science Foundation-funded (NSF) LIGO Hanford and Livingston Observatories.

The merger produced a final black hole more than 225 times the mass of our Sun.

The signal, designated GW231123, was observed during the fourth observing run (O4) of the LVK network on November 23, 2023.

The two black holes that merged were approximately 100 and 140 times the mass of the Sun.

In addition to their high masses they are also rapidly spinning, making this a uniquely challenging signal to interpret and suggesting the possibility of a complex formation history.

Professor Mark Hannam, from Cardiff University and a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, said: “This is the most massive black hole binary we’ve observed through gravitational waves, and it presents a real challenge to our understanding of black hole formation.

“Black holes this massive are forbidden through standard stellar evolution models. One possibility is that the two black holes in this binary formed through earlier mergers of smaller black holes.”

To date, approximately 300 black-hole mergers have been observed through gravitational waves, including candidates identified in the ongoing O4 run.  Until now the most massive confirmed black-hole binary was the source of GW190521, with a much smaller total mass of “only” 140 times that of the sun.

Infographic on the binary black hole merger that produced the GW231123 signal. Credit: Simona J Miller/ Caltech.

A record-breaking system

The high mass and extremely rapid spinning of the black holes in GW231123 pushes the limits of both gravitational-wave detection technology and current theoretical models.

Extracting accurate information from the signal required the use of theoretical models that account for the complex dynamics of highly spinning black holes.

Dr Charlie Hoy at the University of Portsmouth, said: “The black holes appear to be spinning very rapidly – near the limit allowed by Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

“That makes the signal difficult to model and interpret. It’s an excellent case study for pushing forward the development of our theoretical tools.”

Researchers are continuing to refine their analysis and improve the models used to interpret such extreme events.

Dr Gregorio Carullo, assistant professor at the University of Birmingham, said: “It will take years for the community to fully unravel this intricate signal pattern and all its implications.

“Despite the most likely explanation remaining a black hole merger, more complex scenarios could be the key to deciphering its unexpected features. Exciting times ahead!”

Probing the limits of gravitational-wave astronomy

Gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO in the United States, Virgo in Italy, and KAGRA in Japan are designed to measure minute distortions in spacetime caused by violent cosmic events like black hole mergers.

The fourth observing run began in May 2023 and observations from the first part of the run (up to January 2024) will be published later in the summer.

Dr Sophie Bini, a postdoctoral researcher at Caltech, said: “This event pushes our instrumentation and data-analysis capabilities to the edge of what’s currently possible.

“It’s a powerful example of how much we can learn from gravitational-wave astronomy – and how much more there is to uncover.”

GW231123 will be presented at the 24th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation (GR24) and the 16th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves, held jointly as the GR-Amaldi meeting in Glasgow, UK, from July 14-18 2025.

The calibrated data used to detect and study GW231123 will be made available for other researchers to analyse through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center (GWOSC).